Y-Chromosome Haplogroups

A

Bushmen (San People)

布须曼人（桑人）

Southern Africa 南部非洲

The oldest Y-chromosome lineage. The San people of the Kalahari carry the deepest branch of the human paternal tree, representing the earliest divergence ~270,000 years ago.

最古老的Y染色体谱系。卡拉哈里沙漠的桑人携带人类父系谱系树最深的分支，代表约27万年前最早的分化。

~270 kya Oldest lineage Kalahari

B

Pygmies

俾格米人

Central Africa 中部非洲

The second-deepest branch. The Pygmy peoples of the Congo Basin rainforest — Mbuti, Aka, Baka — carry this ancient lineage. Master forest dwellers for tens of thousands of years.

第二深的分支。刚果盆地热带雨林的俾格米人——姆布蒂人、阿卡人、巴卡人——携带这一古老谱系。数万年来的森林生存大师。

~130 kya Congo Basin Rainforest

C2

Mongolians

蒙古人

Central & East Asia 中亚与东亚

The haplogroup of the steppe. Dominant among Mongolians and widespread across Central and Northeast Asia. Genghis Khan's lineage is believed to belong to a C2 sub-clade carried by ~16 million men today.

草原的单倍群。蒙古人中占主导地位，广泛分布于中亚和东北亚。成吉思汗的谱系被认为属于C2的一个子支，如今约有1600万男性携带。

~65 kya Steppe nomads Genghis Khan

D1a

Tibetans

藏族

Tibetan Plateau 青藏高原

Found at high frequency among Tibetans, this lineage arrived in East Asia very early. Tibetans adapted to extreme altitude (~4,500m) — among the most remarkable examples of human genetic adaptation.

在藏族中高频出现，这一谱系很早就到达东亚。藏族人适应了极端高海拔（约4500米）——是人类基因适应最显著的例子之一。

~65 kya High altitude EPAS1 gene

D1b

Japanese (Jomon)

日本人（绳文人）

Japan 日本

The signature lineage of the indigenous Jomon people of Japan. Highest among the Ainu of Hokkaido (~85%). Represents a pre-Neolithic migration to the Japanese archipelago ~35,000 years ago.

日本原住民绳文人的标志性谱系。在北海道阿伊努人中最高（约85%）。代表约35,000年前新石器时代之前对日本列岛的迁徙。

~55 kya Jomon Ainu

E1b1b

Mediterranean Peoples

地中海民族

North Africa & Mediterranean 北非与地中海

Spread from East Africa to North Africa, the Levant, and Southern Europe. Found among Berbers, Somalis, Greeks, and Albanians. This lineage powered the Neolithic expansion across the Mediterranean.

从东非传播到北非、黎凡特和南欧。见于柏柏尔人、索马里人、希腊人和阿尔巴尼亚人中。这一谱系推动了新石器时代在地中海地区的扩张。

~47 kya Neolithic Berber

E1b1a

Bantu Peoples

班图人

Sub-Saharan Africa 撒哈拉以南非洲

The dominant lineage of sub-Saharan Africa, carried by the Bantu expansion (~3,000 years ago) from West Africa across the entire continent. Hundreds of millions carry this lineage today, including African diaspora populations.

撒哈拉以南非洲的主导谱系，随班图扩张（约3000年前）从西非传播到整个大陆。如今数亿人携带这一谱系，包括非洲侨民群体。

~47 kya Bantu expansion Most widespread

F

Sri Lankans

斯里兰卡人

South Asia 南亚

A crucial node in the Y-DNA tree: virtually all non-African haplogroups (G through T) descend from F. Found at notable frequency among Vedda and other indigenous Sri Lankan populations.

Y-DNA谱系树中的关键节点：几乎所有非非洲单倍群（G到T）都源自F。在维达人和其他斯里兰卡原住民中有显著频率。

~70 kya Macro-haplogroup Vedda

G

Caucasus Peoples

高加索民族

Caucasus & Near East 高加索与近东

Peak frequency in Georgia, Ossetia, and the mountainous Caucasus. Also found among Neolithic European farmers — Ötzi the Iceman (3300 BC) belonged to haplogroup G2a.

在格鲁吉亚、奥塞梯和高加索山区频率最高。也见于新石器时代欧洲农民——冰人奥茨（公元前3300年）属于G2a单倍群。

~50 kya Ötzi the Iceman Georgia

H

Romani (Gypsies)

罗姆人（吉普赛人）

South Asia → Europe 南亚→欧洲

Originated in the Indian subcontinent; high among Romani people who migrated westward ~1,000 years ago. H is also common among many South Asian populations, particularly Dalits and tribal groups.

起源于印度次大陆；在约1000年前西迁的罗姆人中频率较高。H在许多南亚人群中也很常见，尤其是达利特和部落群体。

~48 kya Indian origin Romani migration

I

Germanic Peoples

日耳曼民族

Northern Europe 北欧

The only haplogroup that originated in Europe. I1 is the "Viking haplogroup" — peaks in Scandinavia (~40%). I2 is highest in the Balkans and Sardinia. Together they represent Old European hunter-gatherers.

唯一起源于欧洲的单倍群。I1是"维京人单倍群"——在斯堪的纳维亚达到峰值（约40%）。I2在巴尔干和撒丁岛最高。共同代表了古老的欧洲狩猎采集者。

~43 kya Vikings Scandinavia

J

Jewish People

犹太人

Middle East & Mediterranean 中东与地中海

J1 and J2 are the haplogroups of the Fertile Crescent. J1 is the "Cohen modal haplotype" found among Jewish priests. J2 spread with Neolithic farming from Mesopotamia. Dominant among Arabs, Jews, and many Mediterranean peoples.

J1和J2是新月沃地的单倍群。J1是犹太祭司中发现的"科恩模态单倍型"。J2随新石器时代农业从美索不达米亚传播。在阿拉伯人、犹太人和许多地中海民族中占主导。

~48 kya Fertile Crescent Cohanim

K

Austronesian Peoples

南岛民族

Southeast Asia & Oceania 东南亚与大洋洲

A macro-haplogroup ancestral to most Eurasian and Oceanian lineages. Basal K is found among Aboriginal Australians, Melanesians, and some Southeast Asian populations. The Austronesian expansion carried K-derived lineages across the Pacific.

大多数欧亚和大洋洲谱系的祖先宏单倍群。基础K见于澳大利亚原住民、美拉尼西亚人和一些东南亚人群中。南岛扩张将K衍生谱系带到了太平洋各地。

~47 kya Austronesian Pacific

L

Dravidian Peoples

达罗毗荼人

South Asia 南亚

Concentrated in South Asia, particularly among Dravidian-speaking peoples of southern India and Pakistan's Balochistan. Predates the Indo-Aryan migrations; represents the Indus Valley civilization lineage.

集中在南亚，特别是南印度的达罗毗荼语系民族和巴基斯坦的俾路支省。先于印度-雅利安迁徙；代表印度河文明的谱系。

~42 kya Indus Valley South India

M

Papuans (New Guineans)

巴布亚人

Melanesia 美拉尼西亚

Endemic to Papua New Guinea and neighboring Melanesian islands. The highlands of PNG are among the most genetically diverse places on Earth — isolated valleys preserved distinct lineages for 50,000+ years.

巴布亚新几内亚及邻近美拉尼西亚岛屿的特有群。巴新高地是地球上遗传多样性最丰富的地区之一——孤立的山谷保存了5万多年的独特谱系。

~43 kya Papua New Guinea Highland isolation

N

Uralic Peoples

乌拉尔民族

Northern Eurasia 北欧亚

The haplogroup of the taiga and tundra. Dominant among Finns, Estonians, Yakuts, and other Uralic and Siberian peoples. Spread from East Asia northwestward across the boreal forests. ~60% of Finnish men carry N1c.

针叶林和苔原的单倍群。在芬兰人、爱沙尼亚人、雅库特人和其他乌拉尔及西伯利亚民族中占主导。从东亚向西北传播穿越北方森林。约60%的芬兰男性携带N1c。

~36 kya Finland ~60% Yakuts

O1a

Southern Baiyue Peoples

南方百越民族

Southeast China & Taiwan 中国东南与台湾

The lineage of the ancient Baiyue ("Hundred Yue") peoples of southern China. High among Taiwanese aborigines (~90%), and found across southern China, Vietnam, and island Southeast Asia. Connected to the Austronesian expansion.

中国南方古代百越民族的谱系。在台湾原住民中频率极高（约90%），也分布于华南、越南和东南亚岛屿。与南岛扩张相关。

~35 kya Baiyue 百越 Taiwan aborigines

O1b

Thai People

泰族

Southeast Asia 东南亚

Widespread in mainland Southeast Asia — Thai, Lao, Vietnamese, and Khmer populations. Associated with rice-farming cultures that spread southward from the Yangtze River valley. Also significant in Korea and Japan.

广泛分布于东南亚大陆——泰国、老挝、越南和高棉人群。与从长江流域向南传播的水稻农业文化有关。在韩国和日本也有重要分布。

~33 kya Rice farming Yangtze origin

O2a

Miao (Hmong) People

苗族

Southern China & Southeast Asia 华南与东南亚

Found among the Hmong-Mien peoples of southern China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. The Miao diaspora, driven by centuries of migration from central China southward, spread this lineage across highland Southeast Asia.

见于华南、越南、老挝和泰国的苗瑶民族。苗族因数百年从中国中部南迁的历史，将这一谱系传播到东南亚高地。

~30 kya Hmong-Mien Highland peoples

O2b

Han Chinese

汉族

China 中国

The most common Y-haplogroup on Earth by sheer numbers. O2b (O-M122) is the signature lineage of the Han Chinese, carried by hundreds of millions. Spread with millet farming from the Yellow River basin ~8,000 years ago.

按绝对人数计算是地球上最常见的Y单倍群。O2b（O-M122）是汉族的标志性谱系，数亿人携带。约8000年前随黄河流域的粟作农业传播。

~30 kya Yellow River 黄河 Most numerous

P

Tuvans

图瓦人

Central Asia 中亚

The ancestral node of haplogroups Q and R — together the most geographically widespread lineages on Earth. Basal P* survives among Tuvans and other Central/North Asian peoples of the Altai-Sayan region.

单倍群Q和R的祖先节点——它们合在一起是地球上地理分布最广的谱系。基础P*存留于图瓦人和阿尔泰-萨彦地区的其他中亚/北亚民族中。

~45 kya Altai-Sayan Ancestor of Q, R

Q

Native Americans

美洲原住民

Americas 美洲

Carried across the Bering land bridge ~15,000–20,000 years ago. Q1a2a is found in ~90% of Indigenous American men, from the Inuit to the Mapuche. Also present among Siberian peoples (Kets, Selkups).

约15,000-20,000年前通过白令陆桥携带至美洲。Q1a2a见于约90%的美洲原住民男性，从因纽特人到马普切人。也见于西伯利亚民族（凯特人、塞尔库普人）。

~32 kya Beringia ~90% Indigenous

R1a

Indo-Aryans

印度-雅利安人

Pontic Steppe → South Asia 黑海草原→南亚

The haplogroup of the Indo-European expansion. R1a spread from the Pontic-Caspian steppe ~5,000 years ago with Yamnaya pastoralists. Dominant in India's upper castes, Poland, Russia, Ukraine, and Central Asia.

印欧扩张的单倍群。R1a约5000年前随颜那亚牧民从黑海-里海草原传播。在印度高种姓、波兰、俄罗斯、乌克兰和中亚占主导。

~22 kya Yamnaya Indo-European

R1b

Celts

凯尔特人

Western Europe 西欧

The most common haplogroup in Western Europe. Peaks in Ireland (~85%), Wales, Brittany, and the Basque Country. Spread with the Bell Beaker culture ~4,500 years ago. R1b replaced most previous European Y-lineages.

西欧最常见的单倍群。在爱尔兰（约85%）、威尔士、布列塔尼和巴斯克地区达到峰值。约4500年前随钟杯文化传播。R1b取代了大部分先前的欧洲Y谱系。

~22 kya Ireland ~85% Bell Beaker

S

Papuans (Highlands)

巴布亚高地人

Melanesia 美拉尼西亚

Sister lineage to M, also endemic to Papua New Guinea and Melanesia. Found primarily in the highland interior. Together with M, these lineages testify to ~50,000 years of continuous habitation in one of Earth's most rugged landscapes.

M的姐妹谱系，同样特有于巴布亚新几内亚和美拉尼西亚。主要见于高地内陆。与M一起，这些谱系证明了在地球上最崎岖的地貌之一持续居住了约50,000年。

~43 kya Sister of M Highlands

T

Somalis & Sumerians

索马里人与苏美尔人

Horn of Africa & Mesopotamia 非洲之角与美索不达米亚

A rare but historically significant lineage. Found among Somalis, Fulani, and some Mediterranean populations. Ancient DNA suggests links to early Mesopotamian civilizations. Thomas Jefferson carried haplogroup T.

罕见但具有历史意义的谱系。见于索马里人、富拉尼人和一些地中海人群。古DNA研究表明与早期美索不达米亚文明有联系。托马斯·杰斐逊携带T单倍群。

~42 kya Rare Jefferson

The Tree of Y

Every Branch, Every People